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Conditions | Multiple Sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis doesn't have to stop you from living forward. Learn more about diagnosis, classification, treatment and symptom management.

Newly Diagnosed? Learn More About Multiple Sclerosis

Need to know more about how MS will affect you or someone you care for? Learn all the basics of the disease and what it does:

     » Introduction to Multiple Sclerosis
     » Diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis
     » Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis
     » Prevention of Secondary Conditions

Multiple Sclerosis in the Movies

Rolling: Life in a Wheelchair

The documentary "Rolling: Life in a Wheelchair" gives viewers a glimpse into a world that most don’t see...

» Read the Review Here

Are You Suffering from Caregiver Burnout?

Caregiver Burnout: What to Watch Out For and What to Do

Caregiving is an artful balance of providing for someone you care for deeply and making sure your own needs aren’t being neglected...

» Read More

Latest Research on Multiple Sclerosis

     » Low Dose Naltrexone (“LDN”): Hope or Hype?
     » Voodoo Death, Placebos, and Optimal Health
     » Osteoporosis and Other "Hidden Diseases" in MS

Additional MS Research

Introduction

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prevention and Management of Secondary Conditions

Reference

by Allen Bowling, MD, PhD and J. Glen House, MD

References
1. • ^ Charcot, J. Histologie de la sclerose en plaques. Gazette des hopitaux, Paris, 1868; 41: 554–555.

2. Braddom (MS Chapter) references 7-10 for Epidemiology

3. EPIDEMIOLOGY • ^ Marrie, RA. Environmental risk factors in multiple sclerosis aetiology. Lancet Neurol. 2004 Dec;3(12):709-18. Review. PMID 15556803

4. • ^ Sadovnick, AD, Ebers, GC, Dyment, DA, Risch, NJ. Evidence for genetic basis of multiple sclerosis. The Canadian Collaborative Study Group. Lancet 1996; 347:1728. PMID 8656905

5. Paty D. W., Arnold D. L. N Engl J Med 2002; 346:199-200, Jan 17, 2002. Editorials

6. Multiple Sclerosis Volume 343: 938-952 Sept 28, 2000 no.13
John H. Noseworthy, M.D.,

7. diagnostic criteria ( Annals of Neurology 2001; 50:121-127)

8. 2005 Revisions to the McDonald Diagnostic Criteria for MS, were published in 2005 (Annals of Neurology 2005; 58:840-846 ).

9. Management of Multiple Sclerosis. Richard A. Rudick, M.D., Jeffrey A. Cohen, M.D., NEJM. Volume 337:1604-1611 November 27, 1997 Number 22

10. Duquette P, Girard M, Knobler RL, et al. Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. I. Clinical results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. The IFNB Multiple Sclerosis Study Group. Neurology 1993; 43:655-661. Medline Similar articles

11. Hartung HP, Gonsette R, Konig N, et al. Mitoxantrone in progressive multiple sclerosis: a placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomised, multicentre trial. Lancet 2002; 360:2018-2025. Medline Similar articles Full article

12. Kos D, Kerckhofs E, Nagels G, D'hooghe MB, Ilsbroukx S.Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2007 Apr 4 Origin of Fatigue in Multiple Sclerosis: Review of the Literature.

13. Roelecke,U., Kappos L., et al. 1997. Reduced glucose metabolism in the frontal cortex and basal ganglion of multiple sclerosis patients with fatigue: and 18 F. fluorodeoxyglucose position emission tomography study. Neurology 48:1566-71.

14. Sheean GL et al. 1997. An electrophysiological study of the mechanism of fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Brain 120: 299-315.

15. Rice, C. L., et al.1992. Neuromuscular responses of patients with multiple sclerosis. Nerve and muscle 15:1123-32.

16. Oligiati,R.,et al. 1988. The increased energy costs of walking in multiple sclerosis: effect of spasticity, a taxi a comma and weakness. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 69: 846-49.

17. Giannantoni, A, et al. 1998. Urological dysfunctions and upper urinary tract involvement in multiple sclerosis patients. Neurology and Urodynamics 17: 89-98.

18. Tumani H, Uttner I.2007 May;254 Suppl 2:II69-II72.

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