In public rest rooms, space for people in wheelchairs offers convenience for many users. These larger stalls offer travelers enough room to roll-in luggage or strollers and parents enough space to help children. People using crutches, canes, walkers and guide dogs have more room to maneuver. With so many people benefiting from these stalls, consider installing more than the minimum. A universal stall is a minimum size of 5 x 5 ft and includes a recessed lavatory in the stall. It may include an emergency call button connected to the 911 operator.

In every residence as least one of the bathrooms should be adaptable to a variety of abilities. Plan removable cabinets, adjustable counters, an accessible shower, and reinforced sidewalls. Bathroom walls should be reinforced floor to ceiling with ¾ in plywood or with wood blocking installed between the studs. This inexpensive reinforcement, if properly placed, will allow for future installation of the grab bars, lavatory, towel bars, and shower seat.

Showers
Shower enclosures.  A shower is quicker, easier, and safer to use than a bathtub. After one transfer to a shower wheelchair, the user can roll into the shower, under the lavatory, or over a toilet without additional transfer. The wheel-in shower can be installed in the enclosure space of a bathtub (30 in x 60 in). This elongated shower design provides more maneuvering space than a standard square shower. It should be equipped with a hand held shower system and with temperature and surge controls to provide a safe flow of water.

This enclosure can also be planned in a square or round design. A corner shower open on two sides allows access from more than one direction. The wheel-in shower floor must be sloped rather than curbed, since a curb may block wheels or become a tripping hazard. A flexible curb offers one solution. Another uses a 2% slope on the entire bathroom floor draining into the shower. A steeper slope makes it too difficult to maneuver a shower wheelchair or gurney. Be sure to specify non-slip flooring.

Water can also be contained by recessing the floor of a wheel-in shower. Use a grating to raise the floor height back to that of the bathroom. If a recessed floor is not practical, plan a slight ramp up to a grating placed on the finished floor. A grating and ramp can also be used to access an existing shower with a lip. In addition, a grating can be used to level the trench in a gang shower without restricting drainage.

Plan showers with curtains, not doors. Curtains on showers without curbs may be longer than floor length to prevent water from escaping. Ceiling-mounted shower curtains have a clean appearance, especially when they curve around two sides of the shower. Shower curtains can also be mounted on a swinging rod which can be used to protect the attendant.

A shower that requires neither curtains nor doors is easily accessible and is helpful for people with allergies. Shower frames and curtains may retain moisture and encourage mold growth depending on the climate; furthermore, plastic shower curtains may release irritants when heated.

A transfer-in shower takes up less space than a wheel-in shower or a bathtub (as little as 3 x 3 ft), but it requires a shower seat for transfer from a wheelchair. The dimensions of this shower are critical for some people to reach grab bars, shower controls, and accessories while leaning into the corner.1 Others can manage a longer reach to the grab bars for a transfer from a wheelchair, and a more open universal design becomes possible.

The transfer-in shower may have up to a ½ in high curb to contain water.2 During transfer, the front wheels of the wheelchair are placed over the curb to prevent the chair from sliding backward. Shower controls must be mounted on the wall opposite the seat.

The shower must be slip-resistant and equipped with a fold-up shower seat to clear the space for standing users. The shower seat should also be slip-resistant with small openings for good drainage. Make sure the edges and corners are rounded.

Shower fixtures and controls.  New construction should include an additional connection for the future installation of a hand-held system. Such a fixture is ideal for seated use and can also be clipped to a bracket for use as a conventional shower. A valve should be selected which will not catch the shower hose, and it must require only one hand to regulate water flow and set the desired temperature. Install controls within 18 in of the entrance to a 36 in square shower to allow users to adjust the water prior to transferring.

Select a lever control which prevents high temperatures if the control is bumped by accident. This feature is also helpful to children just learning to use the controls. Another option is an integral thermometer, which allows the temperature to be preset. Both systems should include a pressure-balancing feature that prevents surges of hot and cold water.

Wall mount a hand held unit to allow adjustable height. The flexible hose must be at least 5 ft long,3 but some users may require a hose as long as 7 ft. Choose a model with a water-volume control in the shower head. For people who do not require a hand-held system, specify a multidirectional shower head that rotates 360 degrees.

Specify a shower head bar for vertical adjustment that does not obstruct the grab bars. Controls must be carefully placed. For children, a second set of controls should be installed at a height no greater than 3 ft a.f.f. As an alternative for children, a sensor could be used to automatically start the shower upon entering. The temperature control can be preset to prevent a burn.

Shower accessories.  A shower shelf or caddie can prevent soap, shampoos, and accessories from slipping out of reach. Choose one in solid brass, solid surface material, or stainless steel to prevent corrosion and rust, and make sure that it drains easily. Recess a soap holder so that it does not interfere with wheelchair use and transfer, and plan multilevel soap dispensers. A liquid soap dispenser may require less coordination. A self-draining storage space for hair care products is also helpful.

Bathtubs
A soak in the bathtub relieves pain for many people, but standard bathtub design can make it difficult to get in and out. It can be especially difficult to transfer from a wheelchair into a poorly sized tub or a tub with a track. For a combination of a tub and shower, specify a trackless installation. For seated users, the height of the tub should match the height of the chair seat. The most universal height to serve both adults and children is 17 in a.f.f., but the needs may vary from 11 in for children to 19 in for an adult.4

Bathtub seats.  A seat installed on the end of bathtub is most helpful when transferring from a mobility assistance device. A platform on the approachable end of the tub allows the user to enter the tub. The extra length of the tub and seat may extend the space in the bathroom to allow a 5-ft turnaround space for wheelchair users.

Bevel the edge of the seat so that it can be used as a headrest, and slant the end of the tub to make it easy to slide slowly into the tub from the seat, using the adjacent grab bars. For additional comfort, the slant may be contoured for extra back support. A fold-down utility tray is another convenience.

Install a hand-held shower to use from the seat. This is useful to people who do not have the strength to lower themselves into the tub. It also helps others with washing and rinsing in the bathtub. The controls should be lowered and installed on the long wall of the tub.

If a platform cannot be added to the end of the tub, consider a movable seat that fits over the tub. The seat is used with a hand-held shower, not for transfer into the tub. The shower curtain should have a slit to fit over the seat. Seats are available without backs if this support is not necessary. If a back is needed, make sure it is textured. Some seats have adjustable legs with nonskid rubber tips. Others can be fastened to the edge of the tub.

Children can be bathed in a child seat or on a bathing table that fits in the tub. One innovative bathtub design incorporates a stationary tray and a rotating tub to ease entry and exit.

Types of bathtubs.  Generally, a bathtub should have a flat (not round) bottom for stability. The floor of the tub must be slip-resistant. If not, add a non-slip bath mat that runs the full length of the tub. Look for tubs with narrow rims or handles that can be grasped when getting in and out. Soft tubs provide a non-slip surface that may prevent falls and will certainly cushion the blow if a fall does occur.

Use a contrasting stripe to identify the bathtub rim and base perimeter. Vertical stripes in the tub will help to identify the amount of water through refraction or "bending" of the stripes at the level of the water.

Some doors on tubs swing up or open out for easy access. These doors are tightly sealed and can be used with a whirlpool bath. Make sure that drain controls are within reach and that it drains rapidly. A tub with a swing-up door can be ordered for a left or right approach, allowing full use by a person with hemiplegia. The strong side of the body can be used while transferring and accessing tub controls. A high-volume drain allows the tub to be quickly emptied before exiting.

A spa can be made accessible to many people through the addition of a lift or a series of steps, the highest of which should be at the height of a wheelchair seat (17 to 19 in a.f.f.).5 The user can slide from one step to the next, employing natural buoyancy to help with transfer.

Bathtub controls.  Choose a lever-type faucet and drain control for easy operation. Controls must be installed toward the approach side. To eliminate controls, specify an automatic fill system which programs use and presets the temperature and water level. This is especially helpful if sensitivity to temperature is a factor.

Toilets and Bidets
Public toilets.  UFAS and The ADA Accessibility Standards covering public toilet installation require a turning space in each toilet room but not each stall. The National Building Code of Canada, however, requires a stall nearly 5 x 5 ft,6 and Florida requires a minimum space of 5 ft 8 in x 5 ft 8 in with a lavatory,7 the most universal solution. Provide at least 42 in of adjacent clear floor space on the approach side of the water closet for people with wheelchairs, walkers, or assistants. Some people are stronger on one side than the other, so the approach should be alternated throughout the building. Stalls of minimum size must have toe clearance of 9 in a.f.f. (12 in for children). On larger stalls, a partition to the floor can provide a positive stop for a person using a mobility aid.

Doors should swing out of the stall. Stalls must also be equipped with gravity-closing hinges and hardware which is usable without tight grasping, pinching, or twisting.

A lavatory in the toilet space allows for additional privacy to clean up. Consider installing a unisex or family toilet room, which allows a spouse or aide to accompany a child or a person who needs assistance. To save space, recess the lavatory in the clear space required next to the toilet.

Urinals must be specified with a maximum rim height of 17 in a.f.f., but a floor-mounted urinal is more accessible to small boys and others who need a lower rim. A clear floor space of 30 by 48 in must be provided in front of each urinal. Children in wheelchairs require a rim height of 14 in a.f.f., with flush controls no higher than 32 in8 and a clear floor space of 36 by 48 in.

A urinal in a stall is preferable for privacy in emptying a leg bag. In public urinals, the privacy shields must not extend past the front edge of the urinal into the clear floor space. The urinals should be wall-mounted a minimum of 14 in from the wall.9

Toilets.  The design of the toilet, the height of the installation, and the approach must all be considered for use with mobility aids. The toilet can be approached in several different ways. In a residence or health care facility, the user may first transfer into a shower wheelchair, which can roll over the toilet. Alternately, the individual may choose to transfer directly from their wheelchair to the front or side of the toilet.

Elongated toilets are easier to use when transferring or aligning with the shower wheelchair. Choose a toilet seat adjustable to wheelchair height for adults and children (11 to 19 in a.f.f.). The lower height range may also be necessary to allow clearance when using a shower wheelchair. An existing toilet seat can always be replaced by an elevated seat if necessary.

For bowel and bladder care, specify a lower toilet with a higher seat, leaving a gap between the two. It may be necessary to reach into this gap for digital manipulation or to empty a leg bag. Specify a seat with an opening in the front. The seat must be firmly attached for stability when transferring. The seat must not be sprung to return to a lifted position, but it should remain up independently when raised. Men with hemiplegia or one hand do not have a free hand to hold up the toilet seat while using the toilet. A flat or padded lid is more comfortable to lean against than one that is crowned or dished.

Most toilets are too high to easily empty a leg bag. The lip of the toilet needs to be below the level of the drainage tube and the leg may have to be elevated to this level to empty the bag. Wall-mounted toilets can be installed at the proper height and are easier to clean since they have no base. The clearance below also provides extra floor space for wheelchair footrests.

For ease of maintenance, the toilet could be installed in the shower and used as a shower seat in some installations. The toilet seat must be padded or non-slip, and a bench-type seat eases transfer. A toilet in the shower will also simplify clean-up after a bowel and bladder program. Plan the lavatory and mirror outside this area to keep the mirror from fogging.

One toilet model uses warm water for washing and warm air for drying rather than toilet tissue. This type is especially helpful for people who find it difficult to manipulate tissue. A portable bidet is also available.

A wall-mounted toilet can be installed as high as necessary for people who have trouble sitting and rising. With a high toilet, a low stool may be required for the bowel program, elevating the feet to facilitate elimination.

Make sure the stop valve (or cutoff valve) on the toilet is easy to use and within reach. The flushing lever must also be on the approach side.10 A flush valve in the center of the tank is harder to reach but more neutrally handed. Flush valves in back of the toilet can be uncomfortable for people who lean back for balance unless a toilet seat lid is provided. All controls must require less than 5 lbf. for operation; a toilet flush lever extension may be needed. A more universal design is a sensor for automatic flushing.

For a quieter water flow, specify pipes with as large a cross section as possible, and install low-pressure cisterns instead of high-pressure heads. Quieter toilet rooms serve people with a wide range of hearing abilities. People with speech differences who need to be clearly heard and people with reduced vision who depend more on their sense of hearing also appreciate lower ambient noise levels.

Toilet accessories.  A transfer board may help in sliding from a wheelchair onto a toilet. Select a toilet seat with a wide bench that is easier to grasp when transferring.

If a seat with arms is needed for support, make sure the arms are adjustable to the most comfortable height. Arms that extend to the floor are more stable than arms that rest on the toilet bowl.

A tissue dispenser must be at least 19 in a.f.f. and yet low enough so that grab bars do not interfere with its use. It must be installed 7 to 9 in in front of the toilet. The toilet tissue holder must permit continuous paper flow and be usable with one hand. Dispensers must be avoided that might require users to reach into a hole to initiate paper flow, and no dispenser should have a sharp or serrated edge. The dispenser should be recessed, if possible, so it will not interfere with use of a mobility aid. Consider two tissue dispensers for a constant supply, with one at a lower height for children (2 to 6 in above the toilet seat).

Lavatories
The type of lavatory, the location, and the accessories are all important factors in access. Lavatories with pedestals to the floor can be used, in some cases, with wheelchair footrests spread apart, but clearance for wheelchair footrests is required by most standards to extend the full depth of the lavatory.

Lavatories with legs limit access. Wall-mounted lavatories are easy to wheel under if properly installed. In the past, accessible lavatories have been cantilevered up to a depth of 27 in without additional bracing. If the lavatory was ever needed for support or if an electric hospital bed caught under the edge, the cantilever could break loose. A better solution is a countertop installation with a slight cantilever.

Water supply and drain pipes can be plumbed in a horizontally offset position to free knee space. Sharp or abrasive surfaces below the lavatory may injure a seated user. Insulate pipes under approachable lavatories or add a removable cover to prevent burns. Plastic pipe may not require insulation if the maximum hot water temperature does not exceed 120 degrees,11 but people with circulation limits can be burned by metal pipes at this temperature. Because of reduced blood flow, the heat cannot be carried away from the skin as rapidly and these people are burned at lower temperatures. The burn also takes a longer time to heal because of the limited blood supply. Thermostatic controls limit maximum temperature and prevent sudden changes.

The height of the lavatory is critical in accommodating the needs of people with varying ranges of motion. To be used from a standing position, the top of the lavatory should be from 32 to 36 in a.f.f., depending on user height. Adults in wheelchairs need a lavatory no higher than 34 in a.f.f. with knee clearance of 29 in at the front edge.12 Children in wheelchairs require a lavatory that is no higher than 30 in with a knee space of at least 24 in.13 To meet all of these needs, one option is to specify an adjustable-height lavatory. A clear floor space of at least 30 x 48 in must be provided, extending under the lavatory a maximum of 19 in. For children in wheelchairs the clear floor space should be at least 36 x 48 in extending under the lavatory a maximum of 14 in. Mount controls within 14 in of the front of the lavatory. Clear floor space for adults or children must never be obstructed by the doors swing, however the required turning space may overlap both the clear floor space and the door swing in most states.14

To improve visual acuity, identify the edge of the lavatory area by contrasting with a color. Color-coded hot and cold water controls are also helpful. Avoid glass lavatories, which may be visually confusing.

Faucets and Controls
A single-lever faucet can be easily controlled with one hand; spring-loaded faucets often take too much strength to operate. To improve reach, mount faucets and controls on the front apron of the counter or to the side of the lavatory. If the lavatory is used to wash hair, use a goose-neck design, which is easer to control than a hand-held spray. The most universal faucet controls are operated without use of the hands. These controls sense any object underneath and set flow at a safe, preset temperature. These valves can also be set to open and close the flow at preset intervals, without the use of external controls. If a self-closing valve is used, the faucet must remain open for at least 10 seconds.15 A temperature control will prevent burns. Set the mix valve at a temperature of 115 degrees to start, and do not exceed 120 degrees.16

The noise created by water flow should be minimized to serve people with a wide range of hearing abilities. Specify quiet ball cocks designed to give a smooth flow and aerating nozzles on taps. Also reduce the water pressure to further quiet the flow.

Vanities
A wall-mounted vanity with a knee space is useful for people in wheelchairs as well as for others who may need to sit while using the lavatory. To meet the needs of a wide range of users (including children), the height should be adjustable from 26 to 34 in a.f.f. The corners of the vanity should be rounded if they extend into the room. It is too easy to bump into a corner when approaching the toilet or bending over while dressing.

For people with allergies or chemical sensitivities, solid surface vanity tops are preferable to laminates adhered to pressboard or particleboard since both may offgas formaldehyde.

Bathroom Storage
Storage areas in the bathroom are often insufficient and require creative planning. With higher cabinets, interior shelves should be of tempered glass or clear plastic to make the contents more visible from a seated position. Keep medications in a medicine cabinet, not on the lavatory. Medications can serve as a constant reminder of illness and also may pose a danger to children. People with reduced manual dexterity should store medication in plastic vials rather than breakable glass bottles.

A medicine cabinet mounted to the side of the lavatory will be more convenient for adults of shorter stature, wheelchair users, and children. If space is at a premium, mount the medicine cabinet over the lavatory with the bottom shelf no more than 44 in a.f.f. (34 in for children). The cabinet should have sliding panels suspended on nylon rollers or a door with spring-loaded hinges.

Drawers beside the lavatory area, perhaps in a cabinet on wheels, can fill most remaining bathroom storage needs. Extra drawers can be mounted in the kick space that has been elevated for wheelchair footrest clearance. These drawers may be difficult to reach, especially from a wheelchair, but they can provide needed space for seldom-used items. On all drawers, C grip handles should be horizontal and centered, and cabinets should have slide out shelves or bins.

It may be more convenient to store towels in a cabinet close to the shower (and close to the washer and dryer if these are located in the bathroom). A roll of paper towels in the bathroom is helpful for a fast cleanup.

Grab Bars
Grab bars, lavatories, and towel bars must withstand at least 250 lbf. of force including bending, shear, and tensile forces.17 To help meet this standard, install grab bars with wood screws into studs, blocking, or plywood reinforcement. Molly bolts, nails, or screws into gypsum board are not adequate. With prefabricated showers, the blocking or plywood should contact the plastic over the entire reinforced area.18

Grab bars should not chip, and they cannot have sharp or abrasive edges. They must not rotate within their fittings, and an oval design requires less strength to grasp than a circular bar. Textured finishes are available for a sure grip.

In public spaces, the color of the grab bars should contrast with the wall to ensure quick and accurate eye/hand coordination in an emergency. Chrome and metallic bars may produce reflected glare or blend in with the wall.

A grab bar is often used by bracing the forearm between the bar and the wall for support. Install the grab bar exactly 1 ½ in from the wall or the entire arm could slip through the opening.19

Many standards require one horizontal grab bar at the foot of the tub when a tub seat is used at the head. Two horizontal grab bars must be placed on the long wall. The height of the grab bars will vary according to the size and ability of the user. Diagonal grab bars may also be necessary but must not be used to replace those required by the standards. Grab bars may have to be as low as 18 in a.f.f. for use by children, depending on age.

A transfer bar may be helpful over the bathtub; it should be installed on a ceiling trolley track or a ceiling eye-bolt above the tub (with a minimum capacity of at least 300 lbf). The ceiling may need to be reinforced to install this bolt or track, and its strength checked periodically to verify that it has not been compromised by rust or wood rot.

Grab bars may also be necessary for transferring to a shower wheelchair. If the doorway to the bathroom cannot be widened for wheelchair users, the individual may have the strength to transfer to the shower wheelchair through the doorway with grab bars installed on both sides.

Use a textured finish on shower grab bars. In most showers, grab bars must be installed at a height of 33 to 36 in a.f.f. on all sides with 18 in of clear space above the grab bar. Only shower controls and fittings can protrude into this space. When a shower seat is wall-mounted, no grab bar should be placed along that wall since the user will typically balance themselves by leaning against that wall. Grab bars for children should be mounted 18 to 27 in a.f.f. depending on age.20 For standing users, grab bars should be installed just below elbow height.21 A vertical grab bar at the entrance may be desirable for a standing user if placed to meet individual needs. Vertical grab bars must not conflict with the required horizontal grab bars.

For the easiest approach to the toilet, grab bars must usually be located behind the toilet and on one side. Install them at a height of 33 to 36 in a.f.f., depending on the user (18 in to 27 in for children). The bars must be long enough to allow an unobstructed movement and 18 in of clear space must be provided above the grab bar.

People with reduced strength often prefer grab bars on both sides of the toilet, but people with wheelchairs, walkers, or assistants need one side clear for the approach. A swing-up assistance bar can meet these varied needs.

Bathroom and Toilet Room Accessories
In public spaces, installed waste receptacles and recessed towel dispensers must not project into the clear space required at fixtures unless they are mounted above 34 in a.f.f. Then they must project no more than 4 in or they will be a protruding hazard for blind people. Coin slots and controls should be no higher than 42 in a.f.f. and must be no higher than 4 ft (3 ft for children).22 Install soap and towel dispensers within reach of the lavatories, perhaps on the same wall or on the surface of the counter.

A vanity stool can be used with lavatories designed for wheelchair users. A lightweight stool on legs with glides is more stable than a stool on casters. Add a 2 ft x 4 ft bench in the bathroom to help in transfer and dressing. Hooks and shelves are also helpful and should be located between 40 and 48 in a.f.f.

The toilet room mirror should be low enough to be used by a child, a seated user, or an adult of shorter stature. In most cases, it will have to be installed to the top of the splash. The bottom of a permanently installed mirror over an accessible sink must be no higher than 40 in a.f.f.23 (34 in for children24). If the mirror cannot be placed at this height, it should be tilted with a wedge shaped shim. A tilted mirror distorts the image of the user but offers a fuller view than a high flat mirror. A full length mirror is a convenience for everyone. It should be installed no lower than 10 in a.f.f. (12 in for children) to prevent damage from wheelchair footrests.

Utility Spaces 
If ambient noise is not a problem, save needless trips to the hamper by placing the washer and dryer in the bathroom. The bathroom lavatory can be used for touch-ups and the counter for clothes sorting. Install an ironing board that swivels out from under the counter, drops down from the wall, or pulls out of a drawer. Portable ironing boards are awkward for most people to set up, and they are bulky to store.

Most children, wheelchair users, and adults of shorter stature cannot reach the bottom of a top-loading washer. The most universal solution is one front-loading machine which serves as both the washer and the dryer. Front-loading machines improve reach and also make it easier to lift wet and heavy clothes. Side-hinged doors allow a closer approach for a seated user than bottom-hinged doors. Choose appliances with doors mounted 15 to 34 in a.f.f.

An existing top-loading washer can be recessed in the floor to improve reach. Be sure to install a drain in the recessed area, because an overflow can harm the motor. A stacking washer and dryer may be especially helpful for users who have difficulty bending.

If small items are still out of reach, wash them in a zippered mesh bag that can be lifted out of the washer or dryer with tongs. A retractable clothesline or wall-mounted hanger over the bathtub is also helpful in handling clothes, and a pull-out basket under a counter to be used as a hamper.

Specify a dryer with the lint filter on the side or front, not in back. Look for models with the controls on the front as well. Touch controls are easier to use but may be too accessible to children. Raised labels can be used on controls marking the start of each cycle. Some manufacturers have control covers in Braille or large lettering. Most washers and dryers are also equipped with bells or buzzers which serve to redundantly cue the completion of the cycle.

References
1. Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Standards, 1991.
2. ADA Accessibility Standards, 1991.
3. ADA Accessibility Standards, 1991.
4. ADA Accessibility Standards, 1991.
5. ADA Accessibility Standards, 1991.
6. Associate Committee on the National Building Code National Research Council of Canada, National Building Code of Canada 1990 (Ottawa: Ministry of Supply and Services, Canada, 1990).
7. Department of Community Affairs, Florida Board of Building Codes and Standards, Accessibility Requirements Manual (Tallahassee: FBBC&S, 1990).
8. North Carolina State Building Code Council, North Carolina State Building Code, vol. 1 C (Raleigh: NCSBCC, 1989).
9. NCSBCC, 1989.
10. ADA Accessibility Standards, 1991.
11. NCSBCC, 1989.
12. ADA Accessibility Standards, 1991.
13. NCSBCC, 1989.
14. ADA Accessibility Standards 4.23.3
15. ADA Accessibility Standards, 1991.
16. NCSBCC, 1989.
17. ADA Accessibility Standards, 1991.
18. Barrier Free Environments, Adaptable Housing: The Technical Manual for Implementing Adaptable Housing Unit Specifications, 023 000 00760 6 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1989), 46.
19. ADA Accessibility Standards, 1991.
20. NCSBCC, 1989.
21. Health and Welfare, Canada, Showers H74 18/7 1985E (Ottawa: Ministry of Supply and Services, Canada, 1985).
22. NCSBCC, 1989.
23. ADA Accessibility Standards, 1991.
24. NCSBCC 1989.

Excerpted from Beautiful Universal Design by Cynthia Leibrock and James Evan Terry; used with permission.
Copyright © 1999 by Cynthia Leibrock and James Evan Terry

For more information about accessible bathrooms, see Bathrooms: Accessible Floor Space.